THE PANDEMIC VACCINE PUZZLE:
vaccine 101
What is Vaccine?
Vaccine is a substance made from components of germs or bacterial toxins that have been weakened or killed and are useful for stimulating a person’s immune system.
based on their sensitivity to temperature
- Cool sensitive vaccines (Freeze Sensitive/FS)
example: DT, TT, Hepatitis B, and DPT/HB/HiB Vaccine - Heat senstive vaccines (Heat Sensitive/HS)
example: Measles, Polio, dan BCG Vaccine
based on the type of manufacture
- Live-attenuated
- Inactivated
- Recombinant sub-unit
- Toxoid
- Conjugate polysaccharide-protein
CLASSIFICATION OF VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COVID VACCINE
Vaccine design concerns on antigen selection, vaccine platform, vaccination route, and regimen. The choice of vaccine platform determines the relative immunogenic strength of the vaccine-derived viral antigen, whether the requirement of immune adjuvant and the nature of protective immunity.
The development of vaccines by various agencies demonstrates the use of multiple technology platforms for COVID-19 , in the use of nucleic acids including DNA and RNA, the entry of virus into particles, peptides, vector viruses (replication and non-replication), recombinant proteins, as well as attenuated and inactive viruses.
VACCINATION
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect a person from dangerous diseases.
benefit of vaccination:
creating herd immunity in the society
Herd immunity or commonly known as population immunity is indirect protection from disease infection. Herd immunity occurs when a population is immune to an infection. Vaccination is one way to achieve herd immunity, vaccination prevents the spread of disease in the population.
For example, in one population if half of the population are vaccinated then one person gets infected, so the disease will spread to all the population. However, if many people have already been vaccinated then the spreadness of the disease can be controlled and some of the population that are not vaccinated also get protected because of the population immunity.
COVID-19 VACCINE IN INDONESIA
CoronaVac (Sinovac) • Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) • BBIBP-Corv (Sinopharm) • mRNA-1273 (Moderna)
• BNT162b2 vaccine (BioNTech and Pfizer)
Sources
Desai, A. and Majumder, M., 2020. What Is Herd Immunity?. JAMA, 324(20), p.2113.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.2014.Buku Ajar Imunisasi.Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Tenaga Kesehatan
Sekretariat Kabinet RI. 2021. Apa itu Herd Immunity?. [online] Available at: https://setkab.go.id/gallery/apa-itu-herd-immunity/ [Accessed 11 August 2021]
Syamaidzar, Syamaidzar.(2020).Review Vaksin Covid-19
Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F. et al. Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nat Rev Immunol, 20:615-632.
Who.int. 2021. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Herd immunity, lockdowns and COVID- 19. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int> [Accessed 1 August 2021].
Materi Training Cofight – Vaccine
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51665497
